Scientists Say There’s an ‘Anti-Universe’ Running Backward in Time.Time Might Not Exist at All, Some Scientists Say.The Universe Can Bend the Laws of Physics All By Itself, Scientists Say.Information Could Be the Fifth State of Matter, Proving We Live in a Simulation.In addition to failing to incorporate gravity, the Standard Model also doesn’t offer up an explanation for the massive amounts of dark energy and dark matter that make up 95 percent of the universe, according to NASA. Gravity’s omission from this family picture is just one of several problems with the Standard Model, leading more and more physicists to believe that its reign as the ultimate physics theory may be waning. Because gravity’s effect at the subatomic level is so tiny, it cannot easily fit into the framework of the Standard Model-despite physicists’ best efforts. Higgs, the most recent addition to the group, which gives mass to other particlesĪltogether, these bosons create four out of five fundamental forces, with gravity being a glaring exception.W and Z bosons, which are responsible for the weak force and radioactive decay.Gluons, which hold quarks to each other with the strong force to help create atoms.Photons, which carry the electromagnetic force.For all 12 fermions, there are only five known bosons: However, these particles would be nothing without bosons to ferry them around or stick them together. Together, leptons and quarks make up all matter we interact with in our universe. ( “Flavor” is the name that physicists give to different versions of the same kind of particle.) Neutrinos are often referred to as a “ghost” particle because they rarely interact with other matter and can only be spotted through the tracks they leave behind. The lepton family also includes a kind of “superlight” particle, called a “neutrino,” that comes in three flavors associated with the other non-quark leptons: tau neutrino, muon neutrino, and electron neutrino. Quantum Time Reversal Could Help Find Dark Matter.In a First, Physicists Prove That Quarks Have Mass.Physicists Just Found a New Elementary Particle.Within the fermion family there are six “ leptons,” which includes electrons, and six particles called “ quarks.” There are two main camps these 17 particles can be sorted into: “ fermions” and “ bosons.” Roughly speaking, you can think of fermions as the “stuff” of matter and bosons as the forces moving that stuff around. Solidified in the 1970s, the Standard Model consists of 17 fundamental particles that make up a big chunk of (but not quite all) matter in the universe. We’ll help you make sense of it all-join Pop Mech Pro. However, on a subatomic level, your favorite mug is made up of exactly the same stuff that’s being shattered at the LHC, and it can all fit within a neat framework that physicists call the Standard Model of particle physics. From the outside, the high-speed collisions of atomic nuclei inside particle accelerators like CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may seem like they have very little in common with more mundane objects like your morning coffee or fluffy slippers.
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